Prepositional Phrase

Definition :

       A Prepositional Phrase is a preposition and the noun following it. 

       The preposition is in the head position, and the noun is in the complement position.

       Please note that preposition are words such as:

-          In

-          From

-          To

 
Used before a noun or a pronoun to show a place, a position, time or a method.

Example Sentence:

-          That man is from Thailand.

-          We will discuss the matter after breakfast.

-          She put the book on the table. 

Perfect Tense

Perfect tense have 3 types:

1.      Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: he has arrived. Now he is here. This hold true for events that have just been secluded as well of for events that have not yet occurred.

Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:

·         I have arrived

A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:

·         I have not arrived

Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:

·         Has she arrived?

The pattern:

(+)I/you/we/they + have+ verb 3 + O

     He/she/it + has + verb 3 + O

(-) I/you/we/they + have + not + verb 3 + O

     He/she/it/ + has + not + verb 3 + O

(?)Have/has + S + verb 3 + O?

Example:

(+) She has written five letters

(-) She hasn’t written five letters

(?) Has she written five letters?

2.     Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

 The pattern:

_­(+) Subject + had + verb III + (complement)

(-) Subject + had not + verb III + (complement)

(?) Had + subject + verb III + (complement)

Example:

(+) We had eaten before they came.

(-) They had not eaten before we came.

(?) Had they eaten before we came?

3.     Future Perfect  Tense

Future perfect tense is used to describe an event that has not yet happened but is expected or planned to happen before another stated occurrence.

The pattern:

(+) Subject + will + have + verb III + complement

I will have finished by 11 a.m

(-) Subject + will not + have + verb III + complement

He will not have gone to school

(?) Will + subject + have + verb III + complement +?

Will you have arrived?

Shapes & Parts of Body

SHAPES

=) Simple Straight Sided Shapes

Example :

•  Rectangle (Persegi Panjang) 
•  Square (Persegi)
•  Triangle (Segitiga)

=) Simple Rounded Shapes

Example :

•  Circle (Lingkaran)                                      
•  Oval (Oval/Lonjong)

=) Simple Rounded Shapes

Example :

•  Circle (Lingkaran)
•  Oval (Oval/Lonjong)

=) Types of Triangle

Example :

•  Equilateral Triangle (Segitiga Sama Kaki)
•  Isosceles Triangle (Segitiga Sama Sisi)
•  Rightangled Triangle (Segitiga Siku-Siku)

=) 3D Shapes

Example :

• Cone (Kerucut)
• Cube (Kubus)
• Cylinder (Tabung)
• Pyramid (Limas)
• Rectangular (Balok)
• Prism (Prisma)
• Sphere (Bola)

=) Mathematical Shapes

Example :

•  Parallelogram (Jajargenjang)
•  Pentagon-5 sides (Segi 5)
• Hexagon-6 sides (Segi 6)
•  Octagen-8 sides (Segi 8)

=) Miscellaneous Shapes

Example :

•  Coffin, Diamond (Belah Ketupat)
•  Heart (Hati)
•  Kite (Layang-layang)
•  Petal, Shell (Kerang/Tiram)
•  Star (Bintang)
•  Teardrop

Part of Body

The Body (Tubuh)

1.Hair → Rambut

2.Head → Kepala

3.Neck → Leher

4.Throat → Tenggorokan

5.Shoulder → Bahu

6.Chest → Dada

7.Back → Punggung

8.Waist → Pinggung

9.Stomach/Tummy → Perut

10.Hip → Pinggul

11.Bottom → Pantat

12.Armpit → Ketiak

13.Arm → Lengan

14.Upper arm → Lengan Atas

15.Elbow → Siku

16.Forearm → Lengan Bawah

17.Wrist → Pergelangan Tangan

18.Fist → Kepalan Tangan

19.Hand → Tanagn

20.Palm → Tapak Tangan

21.Thumb → Ibu Jari

22.Finger → Jari Tangan

23.Nail → Kuku

24.Leg → Kaki

25.Thigh → Paha

26.Knee → Lutut

27.Calf → Betis

28.Ankle → Pergelangan Kaki

29.Foot → Kaki

30.Heel → Tumit

31.Instep → Kura-Kura Kaki

32.Sole → Tapak Kaki

33.Toes → Jari Kaki  

The Skeleton (Rangka Manusia)

1.Skull → Tengkorak

2.Collar-bone → Tulang Selangka

3.Shoulder-blade → Tulang Belikat

4.Ribs → Tulang Rusuk

5.Backbone/Spine → Tulang Belakang / Punggung

6.Breastbone → Tulang dada

7.Hip-bone/Pelvis → Tulang pinggul

8.Kneecap → Tulang Tempurung Kepala 

The Face (Wajah)

1.Eye → Mata

2.Noise → Hidung

3.Ear → Telinga

4.Mouth → Mulut

5.Cheek → Pipi

6.Chin → Dagu

7.Temple → Pelipis

8.Forehead/Brow → Dahi/Kenig

9.Jaw → Rahang

10.Moustache → Kumis

11.Beard → Janggut

12.Tooth → Gigi

13.Lip → Bibir

14.Tongue → Lidah

The Eye (MATA)

1.Eyeball → Bola Mata

2.Eyebrow → Alis Mata

3.Eyelid → Kelopak Mata

4.Eyelashes → Bulu Mata

5.Pupil → Manik Mata

6.Iris → Selaput Pelangi

The Insides (ORGAN DALAM)

1.Brain → Otak

2.Windpipe → Batang Tenggorokan

3.Heart → Jantung

4.Lung → Paru-Paru

5.Liver → Hati

6.Kidney → Ginjal

7.Intestines → Usus

8.Bladder → Kandung Kemis

9.Vein → Pembuluh Balik

10.Artery → Pembuluh Nadi

11.Muscle → Otot

Greeting

Definition of The Greetings :
Greetings is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attantion to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other .
Greetings can be expressed both avdibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other then gestures.


=) How do you greet other people ??

•  Good    = Morning, afternoon, evening night .
•  Hello     = Friend, ......(name of someone) .
•  How      = Are you ??
•  Are you getting along ??
•  Are you doing ??

•     - Fine, thank's .
•     - Pretty good, thank's .
•     - Not bad, thank's .

• :: How's   = Everything with you ??
• :: Like ??

=) How do you introduce yourself ??

•  Lets me introduce my self, my name is ....
•  Hello, I'm ....
•  Hi, I'm.... you can call me ....
•  Hello, my name is ....

=) How do you introduce other people ??

•  I would like to introduce ...
•  I would like you to meet ...
•  Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is ...

=) How do you close or end conversation ??

•  Well I should be going now, see you !
•  Well I must be off now. I will talk to you latter !
•  I'm sorry, but I have to go now, It's been nice talking with you. See you latter !

For the example :


Dhina          : Morning, Mrs deby
Mrs. Deby : Morning ,dhina .How are you ?
Dhina          : I’m fine. And Mrs ?
Mrs Deby  : Fine too. Well, I must teach again in classroom. See you dhina
Dhina          : okay .mrs. See you too . Bye-Bye

Past Tense

Definition of Past Tense :
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.


Past tense is used :


:: When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past .
:: For a non-fact in the present or future  time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.


Example : f I had the money now,I’d buy a car .
=) To refer a single event on the past .


Example : I called Mary last night .
=) The past habitual action .


Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces .




The Simple Past Tense :


Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc


=) Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word .
Example : She worked at the office yesterday .


=) A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form .
Example : She did not work at the office yesterday .


Question sentence are started with did as in Did  she work at the office yesterday ?


Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

• ( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
• ( -  ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
• ( ?  ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

• ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
• ( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
• ( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense


Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.


The Pattern :

• ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
• (  - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
• ( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Procedure Text

Definition of Procedure Text :
Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved throught a squence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a squence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentence. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as : First, second, then, next, finally, etc .


=) The Generic structures of procedure text are :

• :: Goal / aim (or tittle) 
• :: Materials ( not required for all procedural text )
• :: Steps ( The actions that must be taken )

=) The generic structure of procedure text are :
Goal/aim (or title)
Materials (not required for all procedure text)
Steps (the action that must be taken)
=) Linguistic Features
Focus on generalized human agents (often implict)
Use of simple present
Use of mainly temporal conjunction
Use of mainly action verbs (often imperratives)


Example of procedure text :

Goal : How to make friedrice


Ingredients : 

•  a plate of rice 
•  2 tablespoon oil 
•  1 tablespoon soybean sauce 
•  1 egg 
•  5 shallots 
•  2 cloves of garlic 
•  some salt and pepper

Equipments : 

•  a knife 
•  a frying pan 
•  a spatula 
•  a plate

Steps : 
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate.

Recount Text

Recount Text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing of entertaining .


The Generic Structures of Recount Text are :
1. Orientation (It's gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened, when it happened) .
2. Events (a series of events ordered in a chronological sequence) .
3. Re-Orientation (restates the writer's opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident) .


Language Features : 
1. Use of noun and pronoun .
    Example : David, We, His .
2. Use of action verbs
    Ex : Went, Spent, Played .
3. Use of time conjuction
    Example : And, But, After .
4. Use of adverb and adverb of phrases
    Example : In My House, Two Day Ago, Yesterday, Last Year .
5. Adjectives
    Ex : Beautiful, Sunny .




The Significant Lexicogrammatical features :

•  Uses of simple past tense .
•  Uses of temporal conjuction (when, after, before, next, letter, then) .
•  Uses of personal pronoun (I and we)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Example Of Recount Text                                                                                                                                         
  On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Sam and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!
  The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of.
  My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Sam and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain.
  
  
  
  

  5 hand-prints
  Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their ‘kitchen’.
  The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.
  After a quick lunch with Sam and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!