Past Tense

Definition of Past Tense :
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.


Past tense is used :


:: When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past .
:: For a non-fact in the present or future  time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.


Example : f I had the money now,I’d buy a car .
=) To refer a single event on the past .


Example : I called Mary last night .
=) The past habitual action .


Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces .




The Simple Past Tense :


Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc


=) Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word .
Example : She worked at the office yesterday .


=) A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form .
Example : She did not work at the office yesterday .


Question sentence are started with did as in Did  she work at the office yesterday ?


Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :

• ( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
• ( -  ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
• ( ?  ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal

• ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
• ( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
• ( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense


Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at  the specified time.


The Pattern :

• ( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
• (  - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
• ( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Procedure Text

Definition of Procedure Text :
Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved throught a squence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a squence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentence. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as : First, second, then, next, finally, etc .


=) The Generic structures of procedure text are :

• :: Goal / aim (or tittle) 
• :: Materials ( not required for all procedural text )
• :: Steps ( The actions that must be taken )

=) The generic structure of procedure text are :
Goal/aim (or title)
Materials (not required for all procedure text)
Steps (the action that must be taken)
=) Linguistic Features
Focus on generalized human agents (often implict)
Use of simple present
Use of mainly temporal conjunction
Use of mainly action verbs (often imperratives)


Example of procedure text :

Goal : How to make friedrice


Ingredients : 

•  a plate of rice 
•  2 tablespoon oil 
•  1 tablespoon soybean sauce 
•  1 egg 
•  5 shallots 
•  2 cloves of garlic 
•  some salt and pepper

Equipments : 

•  a knife 
•  a frying pan 
•  a spatula 
•  a plate

Steps : 
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate.

Recount Text

Recount Text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing of entertaining .


The Generic Structures of Recount Text are :
1. Orientation (It's gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened, when it happened) .
2. Events (a series of events ordered in a chronological sequence) .
3. Re-Orientation (restates the writer's opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident) .


Language Features : 
1. Use of noun and pronoun .
    Example : David, We, His .
2. Use of action verbs
    Ex : Went, Spent, Played .
3. Use of time conjuction
    Example : And, But, After .
4. Use of adverb and adverb of phrases
    Example : In My House, Two Day Ago, Yesterday, Last Year .
5. Adjectives
    Ex : Beautiful, Sunny .




The Significant Lexicogrammatical features :

•  Uses of simple past tense .
•  Uses of temporal conjuction (when, after, before, next, letter, then) .
•  Uses of personal pronoun (I and we)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Example Of Recount Text                                                                                                                                         
  On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Sam and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!
  The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of.
  My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Sam and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain.
  
  
  
  

  5 hand-prints
  Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their ‘kitchen’.
  The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.
  After a quick lunch with Sam and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

Giving Instruction

Definition:

Giving Instruction is a sentence that used to give instruction or command instruction to other people.

                                                  

·         Some Examples Of Instruction:

-          Remove the pan from the heat, please.

-          Switch off the phone in class.

-          Please press the button gently.

-          Open the door, please!

-          Please read the rules first.

-          Please read the direction for use first.

·         The Other Information About Giving Instruction:

-          Use verbs as commanding word in the form of infinite without to, for example:

Ø  Sit down!

Ø  Cover your food!

Ø  Eat your food!

Ø  Wash your hand!

Ø  Sweep the floor!

Ø  Clean the room!

-          Use the word don’t + verb infinitive without to, for example:

Ø  Don’t climb!

Ø  Don’t let them in!

Ø  Don’t do it!

-          Use the word please at the beginning or at the end of an instruction to make it sound more polite, example:

Ø  Sit down, please!

Ø  Please, don’t do that!

-          If we do not use a verb as a commanding word, use be + adjective, example:

Ø  Be careful!

Ø  Be gently!

-          When we forbid someone to do something, use don’t + be + adjective. Example:

Ø  Don’t be noisy!

Sympathy Expression

    Definition :

Sympathy Expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.

·         Formal Expression :

-          I’m sorry to hear that!

-          I hope you will be patient  and fear less!

-          Oh, how awful?

-          How pity you are?

-          I’m extremely sorry to hear that!

-          What a terrible situation?

-          I’d like to express my deepet condolences.

·         How Can We Give “ Sympathy Expression “ To Someone ?

-          We express it directly to him/her orally or we canuseua  letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

-          To a friend of family who has experienced a death personal loss, or other misfortune or perhaps this person was recently divorced or has been injured in a accident.

·         Responding To Condolences:

-          Thank you!

-          That’s very kind of you!

-          God gives and God take away.

-          That’s life.

-          It’s God’s will I suppose.

-          There is nothing that can be done about it.

Gaining Attention

Gaining Attantion is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want to .




Asking for attention (formal) :

•  Exuse me, I wonder if I could trouble you .
•  May I have your attention, please !
•  Exuse me ! 
•  Sorry to trouble you .
•  Sorry to bother you .

Asking for attention (informal) :

•  Look at me !
•  Look what I’ve got here !
•  Look here !
•  Look !
•  Hey !
•  Attention, Please !

Showing attention:

•  I see .                           
•  Oh , yes .
•  Really ?
•  Mmmmm ...                 
•  Ahaaa ...                       
•  How interesting            
•  I know what you mean  
•  Oh, oh                          
•  Well’ well, well

•  Tell me more about it
•  Oh my god!!! Wkat happens next ?
•  What’s next ?
•  Is that all ?
•  Indeed ?
•  Woww ...

Example :


Tina         : Excuse me, Mrs !
Mrs. Ichi : Yes, what happen ?
Tina         : Can you speak in Hermany ?
Mrs. Ichi : Oh, I can't speak in Germany, sir. I just can speak an english. I'm sorry ..
Tina        : Ok. Thank's .
Mrs. Ichi : you're welcome ..:)

Happines Expressions

Definition

Happiness expression is an expression that is used  to show  that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

Used Of Happines Expression

      To expression happiness feelings when we are successful to do something.

       To show our happiness for happiness or success experienced by others.

      To show  that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

Way To express Happines

a)Word

 Ex       : I’m happy ..., I’m so glad … etc.

b) Gesture

Several Expression of Happines

Informal

      Fantastic !

      Great !

       Terrific !

      I’m so glad that you

      I like ……..

      I love……..

      Congratulation !!

      Hooray !

       Super !

       I’m happy because …

      Exciting !

      You make me happy

      I'm happy...

      What a great idea !

Formal

v  … to be + very pleased with …

                        Ex : I’m very pleased with you.

v  … to be +  satisfied with …

                        Ex : Tery’s Mom is satisfied with Tery’s achievement.

v   … to be +  very delighted …

                        Ex : I’m very delighted about SMADA birthday.

Idioms of Extreme Happines

There are many informal idioms use, but

there’re most used, they’re :

     I’m over the moon

     I’m in 7^th heaven

     I am / feel on top of the world

     I am thrilled to bits

      Be floating / walking on air, very happy about something good has happened

            Example : When I and he together, it feel like walking on the air, so high and so warm.

       Jump for joy, it’s mean very and excited about something that happened.

            Example : Nita jumped for joy when she known she got IPhone from her parents.

      Get a real kick out of something, enjoy doing something (informal).

Example : She get a real kick out of

       Do something for kicks, do something because it is exciting, usually used for something dangerous (informal).

Example : Sandra is keen to have a go at bungee jumping – just for kicks.

      Something makes your day, something that makes you feel very happy.

Example : You all made this day very means for      me.

Interjection and Adjective

Hooray interjection

Ø  Is a word that you shout to show that you are excited and happy about something.

Yippee interjection

Ø  Is an expression of happiness and excitement. This word usually used by children.

Aah interjection

Ø  Is an expression used for showing you’re happy, satisfied, or surprised.

Excellent interjection

Is an expression that used for showing you are very pleased about something.

Good for/on someone

Ø  Is an expression that used for saying that you’re happy about something good that someone has done or that has happened to them good

Lovely adjective

Ø  Is an expression used for saying if you are pleased about something

Adjective

Is an expression used for saying that you’re pleased with someone or pleased about